I. Worldwide Non-Renewable Energy Resources:
     (One QUAD is 10¹⁵ British Thermal Units or 2.931 x 10¹¹ kilowatthours)

Fossil Fuels

	Oil (Known)	15,500 QUADS
	Gas (Known)	16,000 QUADS
	Oil and Gas (Probable unexploited Resources)	63,000 QUADS
	Coal (Known)	157,500 QUADS

Nuclear Fuel

	Uranium	94,500 QUADS
	Uranium (Breeder Reactors)	=10 8 QUADS

Worldwide Renewable Energy Resource:

The Sun is the source of all renewable energy, hydro, wind, solar heating and cooling and electrical:

	Solar Radiation Delivered to Entire Land Mass	780,000 QUADS/year
	Solar Radiation on a 100 square kilometer area	0.557 QUADS/year

   The important conclusion to be drawn from this table is that there are significant energy resources available for the remainder of this century given the current rate of energy consumption. The problem is that given estimated economic growth in the next two decades, the most easily available known resources, oil and gas, may become unavailable or very expensive by the middle of the 21st century. All the other resources listed have more serious environmental and economic problems that make their recovery and employment more difficult.

III. U.S. Energy Production. Imports and Consumption (1999)
                (QUADS per year) 

Primary Production (Quadrillion Btu)

• Fifty five percent of petroleum is imported.
• The U.S. is self sufficient in coal and actually exports four percent of our production.
• The great majority of renewable energy comes from hydro-electric source;
• Eighty five percent of U.S. energy comes from fossil fuels.

• Sixty percent of transportation energy is devoted to automobiles. 
• The total U.S. electrical energy consumed per year is 36 Quads. This number includes the neergy losses occurring in transmission and voltage conversion.

     There are now 439 commercial nuclear power reactors operating in 31 countries with a total annual electrical production of 11 QUADS electrical (about 25 QUADS nuclear) or about 16% of all the electrical energy in the world. The bulk of these nuclear reactors are located in the "industrial" countries which are defined as having more than 30% of their energy consumption in the industrial sector. The table below shows the distribution of the bulk of the electrical generating capacity generated by nuclear fuels.

     The total fuel used for generating electrical energy amounts to 120 QUADS so that the nations in the table account for about 75% of the electrical energy production in the world and almost all of the nuclear produced electrical energy.

     The most significant data shown in this table is that Europe (the OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development with more than twenty nations as members), Japan, the United Kingdom and South Korea all have a higher percentage of nuclear reactor generating capacity than the United States. Nuclear energy may grow rapidly in the future, not because fossil fuels will become unavailable, but because of concern over greenhouse gases emitted by the burning of fossil fuels. The "problem" of nuclear residue disposal can be solved provided that the world's political leadership understands the technology and persuades the public that it is safe. With respect to reactor safety, the industry in Western countries is among those that are most competently managed and safe. The real problem with nuclear reactors is that they produce plutonium, which when extracted from the fuel elements, can be used to make nuclear explosives.

V. Solar Energy

     Solar Radiation striking an area of about 105 square kilometers could supply the entire world requirement of 600 QUADS per year. This is a square area of territory about 316 km (200 miles) on each side or an area of the size of the state of Arkansas assuming 100% efficient conversion of the Sun's energy.

     A better way of looking at this is to realize that the major advantage of solar energy is that it is distributed. The disadvantage, conversely, is that the solar energy density is low and therefore not well suited for central power generation. On the average, the sun delivers about 200 watts per square meter taking into account weather and day/night variations. A hundred square meter solar array would collect 20 kilowatts. If converted at 10% efficiency such a system could deliver 2 kilowatts to substantially supplement a house that might average a power consumption of 5 to 10 kilowatts. Solar power used in this way could significantly supplement other sources of energy provided the installation costs are reasonable. Two kilowatts per year delivered to a billion houses would amount to approximately 60 QUADS per year, or 10% of the world's current annual energy requirement.